Predictors of short-term mortality in HIV-infected patients admitted to intensive care unit / Fatores preditores de mortalidade de curto prazo em pacientes infectados com HIV admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva

INTRODUCTIONn: Historically, complications of HIV infection have been related to admissions to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Despite therapeutic advances, the results of the analysis of prognostic factors in patients with HIV/AIDS have varied, including late diagnosis and failure to adhere to antiretroviral treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictors of short-term mortality in HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU, as well as their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including patients admitted to the ICU of a teaching hospital from 2003 through 2012. Data were collected from medical records after the Institutional Review Board approval. RESULTS: 148 HIV-infected patients were identified and 131 were eligible. Among included patients, 42.75% were HIV new diagnoses and 5.34% had no information about the time of diagnosis. The main reasons for admission to the ICU were respiratory failure and sepsis while mortality was 70.23% between 2003 and 2012. Among the risk factors for mortality were low albumin, high APACHE, low CD4+ T lymphocyte count, and not using antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION: Despite the availability of diagnosis and treatment for HIV-infected individuals, the number of new cases of advanced Aids diagnosed in high-complexity services such as ICU is high, as well as the non-use of combination antiretroviral therapy. It is necessary to strengthen anti-HIV screening to detect and treat more cases in the early stages.

INTRODUÇÃO: Historicamente, as complicações da infecção pelo HIV estavam relacionadas às internações em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos, os fatores prognósticos em pacientes com HIV/AIDS têm variado, incluindo diagnóstico tardio e não adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores preditores de mortalidade a curto prazo em pacientes infectados pelo HIV internados em UTI, bem como suas características sociodemográficas e clínicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo pacientes internados na UTI de um hospital universitário entre 2003 a 2012. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários médicos após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. RESULTADOS: 148 pacientes infectados pelo HIV foram identificados e 131 eram elegíveis. Entre os pacientes incluídos, 42,75% possuíam diagnósticos recente de HIV e 5,34% não possuíam informação sobre o momento do diagnóstico. Os principais motivos de admissão na UTI foram insuficiência respiratória e sepse, enquanto a mortalidade foi 70,23% entre 2003 e 2012. Entre os fatores de risco para mortalidade identificou-se albumina baixa, APACHE alto, baixa contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e não uso de terapia antirretroviral. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da disponibilidade de diagnóstico e tratamento para indivíduos infectados pelo HIV, é elevado o número de casos novos em estágio avançado de Aids diagnosticados em serviços de alta complexidade, como UTI, e o não uso de terapia antirretroviral combinada. É necessário fortalecer a triagem anti-HIV, bem como aumentar a repetição da testagem anti-HIV para detectar e tratar mais casos em estágios iniciais.

Use of tigecycline at a teaching hospital / Uso da tigeciclina em hospital de ensino

INTRODUCTION: Tigecycline is an antimicrobial agent, approved for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections, hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections and anaerobic or atypical infections. OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of tigecycline in a teaching hospital and to compare data from patients who had their prescriptions audited by the hospital infection committee with those who did not have audited prescriptions. METHODS: Retrospective observational cohort study conducted at a teaching hospital from April 2012 to March 2014 including patients who received tigecycline. Demographic variables, comorbidities, microbiological findings, prescribed antibiotics and technical opinions issued by the Hospital Infection Control Service were collected. RESULTS: 71 patients were included, aged between 13 and 92 years, 63.4% were male and 56.3% were non-white. Tigecycline was the first antimicrobial choice in 19.7% (14/71) of the cases, while the use associated with other antibiotics was observed in 66.2% (45/71) of the prescriptions. mainly with meropenem (28.9%). Empirical use was performed in 69.0% of cases, after culture and the antibiogram in 31.0% and off label use in 81.7%. The microorganisms frequently identified by the culture tests were Enterococcus faecalis (17.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.7%) and Klebsiella penumoniae (11.8%). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that empirical and off label use is common in clinical practice and few prescriptions were guided by the results of the culture and the antibiogram, demonstrating the need for prescribers to evaluate the benefits/ risks of using this antibiotic, risk of resistance, adverse effects and drug interactions, in addition to cost.

INTRODUÇÃO: A tigeciclina é agente antimicrobiano, aprovada para o tratamento de infecções complicadas na pele e tecidos moles, pneumonia hospitalar e adquirida na comunidade, infecções intra-abdominal e infecções anaeróbias ou atípicas. OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso da tigeciclina em hospital de ensino e comparar dados de pacientes que tiveram suas prescrições auditadas pela comissão de infecção hospitalar com os que não tiveram prescrições auditadas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo observacional realizado em hospital de ensino de abril de 2012 a março de 2014 incluindo pacientes que receberam tigeciclina. Foram coletadas variáveis ​​demográficas, comorbidades, achados microbiológicos, antibióticos prescritos e pareceres técnicos emitidos pelo Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 71 pacientes, com idade entre 13 e 92 anos, 63,4% eram do sexo masculino e 56,3% eram não brancos. A tigeciclina foi primeira escolha antimicrobiana em 19,7% (14/71) dos casos, enquanto o uso associado a outros antibióticos foi observado em 66,2% (45/71) das prescrições. principalmente com meropenem (28,9%). O uso empírico foi realizado em 69,0% dos casos, após cultura e o antibiograma em 31,0% e o uso off label em 81,7%. Os microrganismos frequentemente identificados pelos testes de cultura foram Enterococcus faecalis (17,6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14,7%) e Klebsiella penumoniae (11,8%). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que o uso empírico e off label é comum na prática clínica e poucas prescrições foram orientadas pelos resultados da cultura e do antibiograma, demonstrando necessidade de prescritores avaliarem os benefícios/riscos do uso desse antibiótico, risco de resistência, efeitos adversos e interações medicamentosas, além do custo.

Hepatotoxicity associated with the use of teriflunomide in a patient with multiple sclerosis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Teriflunomide is an inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis available as a first-line treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Drug-induced liver damage is a relevant problem in clinical practice, representing a frequent cause of treatment discontinuation. This case report describes the occurrence of liver injury, with a 33.7-fold increase in the upper limit of normality of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase during treatment with teriflunomide 14 mg. PATIENT CONCERN: A 44-year-old woman receiving teriflunomide 14 mg for the treatment of multiple sclerosis presented symptoms suggestive of liver dysfunction 54 days after starting treatment. The patient had no history of using disease-modifying therapy, neither previous liver disease nor other comorbidities. DIAGNOSTICS: The suggested diagnosis was drug-induced liver injury, classified as hepatocellular. Other possible hepatic and autoimmune etiologies were ruled out. INTERVENTIONS: Replacement of teriflunomide treatment with glatiramer acetate and follow-up of the disease. OUTCOMES: Signs and symptoms regressed after treatment with teriflunomide 14 mg was discontinued, with normalization of liver enzyme activity in ∼5 months. The causality assessment of the adverse drug reaction was determined by the Naranjo scaling system, resulting in probable, with a final score of 7. CONCLUSIONS: Teriflunomide-induced liver injury in patients with multiple sclerosis is a serious adverse reaction. The report of this case contributes to updating knowledge about the safety aspects of treatment with teriflunomide and planning of monitoring strategies and patient risk management.

Association of clinical epidemiological factors to polypharmacy among patients with multiple sclerosis: real-life data / Associação de fatores clínicos epidemiológicos à polifarmácia em pacientes com esclerose múltipla: dados da vida real

INTRODUCTION: Treatment for multiple sclerosis should focus on relapse prevention and treatment, as well as symptom and disease progression control, which require the use of multiple medications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of polypharmacy and related clinical, epidemiological factors in multiple sclerosis patient cohorts. METHODS: It was conducted a prospective study of multiple sclerosis patients that held a prescription of disease-modifying drugs between January and December 2017. The medications were analyzed and classified as either long-term or as-needed medications for therapeutic objective and prescription status purposes. RESULTS: During 2017, 124 patients were attended, 106 were eligible for the study, and 81 agreed to participate. The average age was 40.95±11.69 years. The disease duration varied between 6 months and 30 years, with a median of 7 years. More than half of the multiple sclerosis patients suffered from comorbidities (54.32%), and 76.54% were categorized as polypharmacy. The comparison of polypharmacy between the groups yielded significant differences for comorbidities and employment status and regarding age between patients with polypharmacy and patients without polypharmacy of long-term medications. CONCLUSION: The age of the patient and the presence of comorbidities are important factors related to polypharmacy.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento da esclerose múltipla deve ser concentrado na prevenção e tratamento de recaídas, bem como no controle da progressão dos sintomas e doenças, o que requer o uso de vários medicamentos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação de polifarmácia a fatores epidemiológicos clínicos em uma coorte de pacientes com esclerose múltipla. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo de pacientes com esclerose múltipla que possuíam prescrição de medicamentos modificadores da doença entre janeiro e dezembro de 2017. Os medicamentos foram analisados e classificados como medicamentos de longo prazo ou conforme necessário para fins terapêuticos de objetivo e status de prescrição. RESULTADOS: Durante 2017 foram atendidos 124 pacientes, destes 106 pacientes foram elegíveis para o estudo e 81 concordaram em participar. A idade média foi de 40,95±11,69 anos. A duração da doença variou entre 6 meses e 30 anos, com mediana de 7 anos. Mais da metade dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla apresentava comorbidades (54,32%) e 76,54% foram classificados com polifarmácia. A comparação da polifarmácia entre os grupos demonstrou diferenças significativas para comorbidades, e situação de trabalho, e em relação à idade entre pacientes com polifarmácia e pacientes sem polifarmácia com medicamentos de longa duração. CONCLUSÃO: A idade do paciente e a presença de comorbidades são fatores importantes relacionados à polifarmácia.

Integrated continuous care: collaborating with the elderly functionality / Cuidado contínuo integrado: colaborando para a funcionalidade do idoso

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Integrated Continuous Care on the functional independence of the elderly. This cohort study included participants aged 60 years or older who had experienced a disabling event or disease, and were admitted to rehabilitation in a Brazilian Integrated Continuous Care Unit. The functional gain was evaluated by the Barthel index.Fifty-nine elderly individuals admitted due to a disabling event or disease at the ICCU were assisted from March 2014 to February 2015. Since twenty-two of these were excluded, only 37 participants were evaluated. The mean age of the elderly that were included was 70.41 years (± 1.40) and most of them presented an ischemic stroke diagnosis (64.9%). The total functional gain was 24.05 (± 3.84) points, with an average stay of 32.32 (± 2.18) days. When compared with the degree of dependence on the admission and at discharge, total or severe dependence was identified in 62.2% on admission and mild dependence or total independence was identified in 54.1% at discharge, with a significant decrease in the percentage of the elderly with total dependence between admission and discharge (McNemar test, p = 0.001). At hospital discharge, 70.3% of the elderly had better individual performance in their Activities of Daily Living than at hospital admission and none of them got worse. The multi-professional team-based approach in the Integrated Continuous Care assistance model favors the elderly with gain in functionality and independence. The social network involvement of the elderly lead to their empowerment and co-responsibility along with their family/caregiver in pursuit of the therapeutic goals established together.

Investigar a influência dos Cuidados Continuados Integrados na independência funcional de idosos. Este estudo de coorte incluiu participantes com 60 anos ou mais que sofreram algum evento ou doença incapacitante e que foram internados para reabilitação em Unidade Brasileira de Cuidados Continuados Integrados. O ganho funcional foi avaliado pelo índice de Barthel. Cinquenta e nove idosos admitidos por um evento ou doença incapacitante na UCCI foram atendidos de março de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015. Como vinte e dois deles foram excluídos, apenas 37 participantes foram avaliados. A média de idade dos pacientes incluídos foi de 70,41 anos (± 1,40) e a maioria apresentou AVC isquêmico como diagnóstico (64,9%). O ganho funcional total foi de 24,05 (± 3,84) pontos, com tempo médio de permanência de 32,32 (± 2,18) dias. Quando comparados o grau de dependência na admissão e na alta, a dependência total ou grave foi identificada em 62,2% na admissão e a dependência leve ou independência total foi identificada em 54,1% na alta, com uma diminuição significativa no percentual de pacientes com dependência total entre admissão e alta (teste de McNemar, p = 0,001). Na alta hospitalar, 70,3% dos pacientes apresentaram melhor desempenho individual em suas Atividades de Vida Diária do que no momento da admissão hospitalar e nenhum paciente piorou. A abordagem multiprofissional baseada em equipe no modelo assistencial do Cuidado Integrado Contínuo beneficia o idoso, com ganho de funcionalidade e independência. O envolvimento do paciente na rede social leva ao empoderamento e corresponsabilidade deste e da família/cuidador na busca dos objetivos terapêuticos estabelecidos em conjunto.

A case report of successful treatment of necrotizing fasciitis using negative pressure wound therapy.

RATIONALE: Necrotizing fasciitis is a destructive tissue infection with rapid progression and high mortality. Thus, it is necessary that high-performance dressings be introduced as possibilities of treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS: Female patient, 44 years of age, admitted to hospital unit complaining of lesion in the gluteal region and drainage of purulent secretion in large quantity followed by necrosis. DIAGNOSES: The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was carried out with the computerized tomography examination result and its association with the patient's clinical condition. INTERVENTIONS: Initially, successive debridements were carried out in lower limbs as well as primary dressing with enzymatic debriding action until indication of negative pressure wound therapy, for the period of 2 weeks in the right lower limb and for 5 weeks in the left lower limb, with changes every 72 h. Dressing with saline gauze was used at the end of this therapy until hospital discharge. OUTCOMES: After the use of negative pressure wound therapy, we observed the presence of granulation tissue, superficialization and reduction of lesion extension. The patient presented good tolerance and absence of complications. LESSONS: Negative pressure wound therapy constituted a good option for the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis, despite the scarcity of protocols published on the subject.

High vertical HIV transmission rate in the Midwest region of Brazil

ABSTRACT Objectives To estimate vertical HIV transmission rate in a capital city of the Midwest region of Brazil and describe the factors related to transmission. Methods A descriptive epidemiological study based on the analysis of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The analysis considered all HIV-infected pregnant women with delivery in Campo Grande-MS in the years 2007-2013 and their HIV-exposed infants. Results A total of 218 births of 176 HIV-infected pregnant women were identified during the study period, of which 187 infants were exposed and uninfected, 19 seroconverted, and 12 were still inconclusive in July 2015. Therefore, the overall vertical HIV transmission rate in the period was 8.7%. Most (71.6%) of HIV-infected pregnant women were less than 30 years at delivery, housewives (63.6%) and studied up to primary level (61.9%). Prenatal information was described in 75.3% of the notification forms and approximately 80% of pregnant women received antiretroviral prophylaxis. Among infants, 86.2% received prophylaxis, but little more than half received it during the whole period recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Among the exposed children, 11.3% were breastfed. Conclusion The vertical HIV transmission rate has increased over the years and the recommended interventions have not been fully adopted. HIV-infected pregnant women need adequate prophylactic measures in prenatal, intrapartum and postpartum, requiring greater integration among health professionals.

High vertical HIV transmission rate in the Midwest region of Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate vertical HIV transmission rate in a capital city of the Midwest region of Brazil and describe the factors related to transmission. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study based on the analysis of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The analysis considered all HIV-infected pregnant women with delivery in Campo Grande-MS in the years 2007-2013 and their HIV-exposed infants. RESULTS: A total of 218 births of 176 HIV-infected pregnant women were identified during the study period, of which 187 infants were exposed and uninfected, 19 seroconverted, and 12 were still inconclusive in July 2015. Therefore, the overall vertical HIV transmission rate in the period was 8.7%. Most (71.6%) of HIV-infected pregnant women were less than 30 years at delivery, housewives (63.6%) and studied up to primary level (61.9%). Prenatal information was described in 75.3% of the notification forms and approximately 80% of pregnant women received antiretroviral prophylaxis. Among infants, 86.2% received prophylaxis, but little more than half received it during the whole period recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Among the exposed children, 11.3% were breastfed. CONCLUSION: The vertical HIV transmission rate has increased over the years and the recommended interventions have not been fully adopted. HIV-infected pregnant women need adequate prophylactic measures in prenatal, intrapartum and postpartum, requiring greater integration among health professionals.

Thromboprophylaxis and maternal-fetal outcomes of women with serum markers for hereditary thrombophilia and previous obstetric complications / Tromboprofilaxia e desfechos materno-fetais de mulheres com marcadores séricos para trombofilias hereditárias e antecedentes de complicações obstétricas

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the maternalfetal outcomes of thromboprophylaxis with enoxa parin based on scoring system in women with serum markers for hereditary thrombophilia and previous obstetric complications. Methods: a retrospective study was undertaken based on data collected from clinical records. We included 54 pregnant women with serum markers for hereditary thrombophilia undergoing therapeutic intervention with enoxaparin in the period from November 2009 to December 2013. The initial dose of low molecular weight heparin was guided by a scoring system. The maternalfetal outcomes of previous pregnancies and, subsequently, the treatment were compared using the chisquare (χ2) test with the Yates correction and Fisher's Exact Test; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: we observed significant reduction in fetal/perinatal deaths (p<0.05) and spontaneous abortions (p<0.001) after intervention. The live births at fullterm delivery (p<0.001) and live births at preterm delivery (p<0.05) increased significantly after intervention. Conclusions: the therapeutic intervention with enoxaparin based on scoring system during pregnancy seems to improve the fetal prognosis.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar os desfechos maternosfetais da tromboprofilaxia com enoxaparina com base em sistema de pontuação em mulheres com marcadores séricos para trombofilia hereditária e antecedentes de complicações obstétricas. Métodos: realizouse estudo retrospectivo com base em dados coletados de prontuários. Foram Incluídas 54 mulheres grávidas com marcadores séricos de trombofilia hereditária submetidos à intervenção terapêutica com enoxaparina no período de novembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. A dose inicial de heparina de baixo peso molecular foi norteada por um sistema de pontuação. Os resultados maternosfetais de gestações anteriores e subsequentes ao tratamento foram comparados utilizando Teste quiquadrado com correção de Yates ou Exato de Fisher; p<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: observouse significativa redução de mortes fetais / perinatais (p<0,05) e abortos espontâneos (p<0,001) após intervenção. Os nascidos vivos com parto a termo (p<0,001) e nascidos vivos no parto prematuro (p<0,05) elevaramse significativamente após a intervenção. Conclusão: a intervenção terapêutica com enoxaparina com base no sistema de pontuação durante a gravidez parece melhorar o prognóstico fetal.

Serum markers thrombophilia in pregnant women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus / Marcadores Séricos para Trombofilia em Gestantes com Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico

Abstract Objectives: to determine the frequency of serum markers for hereditary and acquired thrombophilia and their association with pregnancy in women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Methods: a case-control study was conducted among 25 pregnant women with SLE (study group) and 32 pregnant women without known disease and with at least one previous pregnancy (control group). The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and hereditary thrombophilia were examined in both groups. We used the y2 Test with Yates correction or Fisher's Exact Test to verify the associations and calculate the relative risk. Results: thrombophilia was present in 72.0% of pregnant women with SLE and in 6.0% of patients in the control group. A significant association was found between the presence of SLE and serum markers for hereditary thrombophilia / antiphospholipid antibodies (p<0.05). The relative risks for antiphospholipid antibodies were 13.20 (ICR95%= 1.81 - 96.46) in pregnant women with SLE, 7.26 (CI95%= 1.77 - 29.86) for the presence of serum markers of hereditary thrombophilia and 7.92 (CI95%= 2.62 - 3.94) for the presence of hereditary thrombophilia and/or antiphospholipid antibodies. Conclusions: the identification of markers for hereditary and/or acquired thrombophilia in pregnant women with lupus may be clinically useful to determine which patients have a higher risk of obstetric complications.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a frequência e a associação ente LES em gestantes e a ocorrência de marcadores séricos para trombofilias hereditárias e adquiridas no grupo de gestantes estudadas. Métodos: foi realizado estudo caso-controle com 25 gestantes portadoras de Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (grupo estudo) e 32 gestantes sem doença conhecida, com pelo menos uma gestação anterior (grupo controle). A presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides e trombofilia hereditária foi examinada em ambos os grupos. Utilizamos o Teste y2 com correção de Yates ou Teste Exato de Fisher para verificar as associações e calcular o risco relativo. Resultados: verificou-se a presença de trombofilias em 72,0% das gestantes portadoras de LES e em 6,0% das pacientes do grupo controle. Encontrou-se significante associação entre a presença de LES em gestantes e marcadores séricos para trombofilias hereditárias/anticorpos antifosfolípides (p<0,05). Identificou-se risco relativo para presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides de 13,20 (1,81<RR<96,46) em gestantes portadoras de LES, 7.26 (IC95%=1.77-29.86) para presença de marcadores séricos de trombofilias hereditárias e de 7.92 (IC95%= 2.62 - 23.94) considerando a presença de trombofilias hereditárias e/ou presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides. Conclusões: a identificação de marcadores para trombofilia hereditária e/ou adquirida em gestantes com lúpus pode ser clinicamente útil para determinar quais pacientes apresentam maior risco de complicações obstétricas.

Doppler velocimetry in fetal rats exposed to enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) during pregnancy.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate the effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) administered in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on fetal vessels in healthy pregnant Wistar rats, according to Doppler velocimetry measurements. METHODS:: Fifty animals were assigned to one of five groups: controls (saline), prophylactic and therapeutic enoxaparin (1 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively), and prophylactic and therapeutic UFH (72 and 400 UI/kg/day, respectively). Uterine horns were examined by ultrasound for identification of live fetuses. A sample of these fetuses underwent Doppler velocimetry. Spectral curves, peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) of the middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, and umbilical artery were investigated. Differences were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. RESULTS:: No significant differences in PSV, PI, or RI values were observed among the groups. CONCLUSION:: Doppler velocimetry measurements revealed no significant effects of enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin on fetal vessels in pregnant Wistar rats.

Doppler velocimetry in fetal rats exposed to enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) during pregnancy

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) administered in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on fetal vessels in healthy pregnant Wistar rats, according to Doppler velocimetry measurements. Methods: Fifty animals were assigned to one of five groups: controls (saline), prophylactic and therapeutic enoxaparin (1 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively), and prophylactic and therapeutic UFH (72 and 400 UI/kg/day, respectively). Uterine horns were examined by ultrasound for identification of live fetuses. A sample of these fetuses underwent Doppler velocimetry. Spectral curves, peak systolic velocity (PSV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) of the middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, and umbilical artery were investigated. Differences were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. Results: No significant differences in PSV, PI, or RI values were observed among the groups. Conclusion: Doppler velocimetry measurements revealed no significant effects of enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin on fetal vessels in pregnant Wistar rats.

Effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on the fertility of female Wistar rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of exposure of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on the fertility rates of pregnant healthy Wistar rats. METHODS: Enoxaparin and UFH were administered in prophylactic doses 1 mg/Kg/day 72 UI/Kg/day, and in therapeutic doses at 2 mg/kg/day 400UI/Kg/day. The rats were divided into five groups. The number of live and dead foetuses was quantified. The uterine horns were dissected and the presence of early and late reabsorptions (abortions) was determined. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: We did not observe statistically significant differences between groups when comparing the average weight of the foetuses and placentas, rate of female VS males, rates of pre-implantation loss (RPL), rates of efficiency implantation (REI), rates of post-implantation loss (RPIL) and rates of foetal viability (RFV). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant effect on fertility with the use of anticoagulant drugs in pregnant healthy Wistar rats.

Effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on the fertility of female Wistar rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of exposure of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) in prophylactic and therapeutic doses on the fertility rates of pregnant healthy Wistar rats. METHODS: Enoxaparin and UFH were administered in prophylactic doses 1 mg/Kg/day 72 UI/Kg/day, and in therapeutic doses at 2 mg/kg/day 400UI/Kg/day. The rats were divided into five groups. The number of live and dead foetuses was quantified. The uterine horns were dissected and the presence of early and late reabsorptions (abortions) was determined. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: We did not observe statistically significant differences between groups when comparing the average weight of the foetuses and placentas, rate of female VS males, rates of pre-implantation loss (RPL), rates of efficiency implantation (REI), rates of post-implantation loss (RPIL) and rates of foetal viability (RFV). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant effect on fertility with the use of anticoagulant drugs in pregnant healthy Wistar rats. .

Variaveis perinatais e associacao de recem-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer em hospital publico universitario do Brasil / Perinatal variables and association with very low birthweight newborns in a Brazilian public university hospital

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação de variáveis perinatais com o nascimento de recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN). MÉTODOS: Foi um estudo retrospectivo com análise de prontuários de recém-nascidos (RN) de parto pré-termo espontâneo com admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Os RN pré-termo foram distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN; peso <1.500g) e grupo baixo peso ao nascer (BPN; peso ≥1.500g e <2.500g). Foram pesquisadas variáveis de pré-natal maternas de intercorrências durante a gestação e parto/periparto e intercorrências fetal/neonatal. Foi realizada análise estatística por meio do teste exato de Fisher ou χ2, com cálculo do risco relativo (RR), considerando valor p≤0,05 e teste t de Student para comparação das médias dos grupos. RESULTADOS: As comorbidades hemorrágicas (p=0,006; RR=1,2) e hipertensivas (p=0,04; RR=1,5), parto operatório (p=0,001; RR=0,5), idade gestacional <33 semanas (p<0,001; RR=16,7) e Apgar de 1° e 5° minuto (p=0,006; RR=1,6; p=0,01; RR=1,9) estiveram associadas à ocorrência de MBPN. Os RN com MBPN apresentaram associação significativa para ocorrência de comorbidades metabólicas (p=0,01; RR=1,8), neurológicas (p=0,01; RR=1,7) e infecciosas (p=0,001; RR=1,9), período de internação >4 semanas (p=0,02; RR=1,8) e óbito neonatal precoce (p=0,001; RR=2,9). CONCLUSÕES: Fatores como comorbidades hipertensivas e hemorrágicas durante a gestação e parto com idade gestacional inferior a 33 semanas foram associadas ao nascimento de recém-nascidos de MBPN. Esse grupo de recém-natos também apresentou RR elevado para a ocorrência de óbito neonatal precoce. .

PURPOSE: To investigate the association of perinatal variables with the birth of very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm newborns. METHODS: It was a retrospective study of the medical records of infants born after spontaneous preterm labor with admission to a neonatal intensive care unit. Preterm infants were divided into two groups: very low birth weight (VLBW) group (weight <1,500 g) and low birth weight (LBW) group (weight ≥1,500 g and <2,500 g). Prenatal variables such as maternal complications during pregnancy and childbirth/postpartum, and fetal/neonatal complications were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test or χ2 test, with calculation of relative risk (RR), and the Student t test for comparison of group means, with the level of significance set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Hemorrhagic comorbidities (p=0.006; RR=1.2) and hypertension (p=0.04; RR=1.5), surgical delivery (p=0.001; RR=0.5), gestational age <33 weeks (p< 0.001; RR=16.7) and Apgar score at 1st and 5th minute (p=0.006; RR=1.6; p=0.01; RR=1.9) were associated with the occurrence of VLBW. Infants with VLBW had a significant association with the occurrence of metabolic comorbidities (p=0.01; RR=1.8), neurological (p=0.01; RR=1.7) and infectious diseases (p=0.001; RR=1.9), hospitalization >4 weeks (p=0.02; RR=1.8) and early neonatal death (p=0.0001; RR=2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Factors such as hypertension and bleeding comorbidities during delivery and management of gestational age of less than 33 weeks were associated with the birth of VLBW newborns. This group of infants also showed higher RR for the occurrence of early neonatal death. .

Urinary tract infection in high risk pregnant women

Objetivo: Verificar a frequência de infecções do trato urinário, seus principais agentes etiológicos esuscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos em gestantes. Além disso, verificar a ITU como fator de risco para complicações materno-fetais. Metodologia: Coletamos dados de prontuários de gestantes do grupo de estudo com infecção urinária e grupo de comparação sem infecção do trato urinário, do Serviço de Gravidez de Alto Risco do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul durante o período Abril de 2005 a Abril de 2010. Resultados: Das 864 gestantes estudadas, 15,6por cento(135/864) apresentaram infecção do trato urinário. Escherichia coli foi a bactéria mais frequente em 34,8por cento (47/135) dos casos. Cepas de E. coli foram mais sensíveis à norfloxacina (91,4por cento), nitrofurantoína(80,8por cento) e ceftriaxona (74,4por cento) e mais resistentes à ampicilina (42,5por cento), sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima (31,1por cento) e cefalosporinas de primeira geração (14,8por cento). Houve associação significativa entre parto pré-termo, baixo peso ao nascer e infecção do trato urinário. Não houve associação significativa com ruptura prematura de membranas, admissão em UTIneo e Apgar menor que 7 em 5 min. Conclusão:O uso de urocultura como triagem pré-natal de rotina permite diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da infecção urinária em mulheres grávidas, permitindo melhores condições perinatais.

Eficácia de intervenção com enoxaparina baseada em sistema de pontuação nos desfechos perinatais de gestantes com trombofilias / Usefulness of a scoring system on perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with thrombophilia in the effectiveness of an enoxaparin-based intervention

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a intervenção com heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) - enoxaparina sódica - foi eficaz na melhora dos desfechos perinatais de mulheres com trombofillias com base em sistema de pontuação. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, não randomizado, não controlado, realizado em um Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco, durante o período de novembro de 2009 a novembro de 2011. Foram incluídas gestantes com diagnóstico e intervenção terapêutica para trombofilias adquiridas e/ou hereditárias na gestação atual. Os dados obstétricos e perinatais das gestantes anteriores à intervenção foram comparados com os desfechos subsequentes à intervenção, sendo analisados estatisticamente através do teste do χ², com correção de Yates, considerando significativos quando p<0,05. A dosagem inicial de HBPM foi norteada por sistema de pontuação, baseado no histórico clínico e gestacional das pacientes, além de exames de rastreamento de trombofilias adquiridas e/ou hereditárias. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 84 mulheres grávidas com 175 gestações anteriores ao diagnóstico, das quais 20,0% resultaram em morte fetal ou perinatal, 40,0% resultaram em abortamento, 17,7% desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia ou eclâmpsia, 10,3% foram partos a termo e 29,7% partos pré-termo. Nas 84 gestações após a intervenção, 6,0% resultaram em morte fetal ou perinatal, 1,2% em abortamento, 4,8% desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia, 22,6% em parto prematuro e 70,2% parto a termo. Observou-se redução significativa na taxa de óbito fetal ou perinatal (p<0,05) e abortos (p<0,0001), e aumento significativo (p<0,05) no número de nascidos vivos após a intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção baseada na enoxaparina utilizando um sistema de pontuação em gestantes com trombofilia mostrou-se eficaz na melhora do desfecho perinatal.

PURPOSES: To assess whether an enoxaparin-based intervention using a score system was effective in improving perinatal outcome in women with thrombophilia. METHODS: Study Design: Prospective, not randomized, uncontrolled, performed at a Clinic of High-Risk Pregnancy from November 2009 to November 2011. We included women with a diagnosis and therapeutic intervention for thrombophilia acquired and/or inherited in the current pregnancy. The obstetric and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women before the intervention were compared with outcomes after the intervention, and statistically analyzed using the χ2 test with Yates correction, considered significant when p<0.05. The initial dose of low-molecular-weight Heparin (LMWH) was guided by a scoring system based on the clinical and gestational history of the patients and screening tests for acquired and/or inherited thrombophilia. RESULTS: We included 84 pregnant women with 175 pregnancies before diagnosis, 20.0% of which resulted in fetal ou perinatal death, 40.0% resulted in abortion, 17.7% developed preeclampsia/eclampsia, 10.3% resulted in full-term births, and 29.7% in premature births. In the 84 pregnancies after intervention, 6.0% resulted in fetal ou perinatal death, 1.2% in abortion, 4.8% developed preeclampsia/eclampsia, 22.6% resulted in premature birth, and 70.2% in full-term birth. A significant reduction in the rate of stillbirths/perinatal death (p<0.05) and abortion (p<0.0001) and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the number of live births were observed after intervention. CONCLUSION: Enoxaparin-based intervention using a score system in pregnant women with thrombophilia is effective in improving perinatal outcome.

[Serum markers of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnant women with previous history of severe pre-eclampsia]. / Marcadores séricos de trombofilias hereditárias e anticorpos antifosfolípides em gestantes com antecedentes de pré-eclâmpsia grave.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and the association of serum markers for inherited and acquired thrombophilias in pregnant women with a history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies. METHODS: Case-control study consisting of 81 pregnant women with a history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies (study group) and 32 women with no history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies (control group). The presence of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibodies was screened in both groups. We used the chi-square test with Yates correction to assess associations and calculate the relative risks. RESULTS: The presence of thrombophilia was detected in 60.0% of patients with a previous history of pre-eclampsia and in 6.0% of the control patients. A significant association was found between pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy and the presence of markers for hereditary thrombophilia/antiphospholipid antibodies (p<0.05). The relative risk to develop pre-eclampsia was found to be 1.57 (1.34

Marcadores séricos de trombofilias hereditárias e anticorpos antifosfolípides em gestantes com antecedentes de pré-eclâmpsia grave / Serum markers of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnant women with previous history of severe pre-eclampsia

OBJETIVO: Verificar a frequência e a associação de marcadores séricos para trombofilias hereditárias e adquiridas em gestantes com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior. MÉTODOS: Estudo tipo caso-controle composto por 81 gestantes com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior (grupo de estudo) e 32 gestantes sem antecedente de pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior (grupo controle). Foi rastreada a presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides e trombofilias hereditárias em ambos os grupos. Foi utilizado o teste χ² com correção de Yates para verificar as associações e calcular os riscos relativos. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se a presença de trombofilias em 60,0 por cento das pacientes com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia e em 6,0 por cento das pacientes do grupo controle. Encontrou-se significante associação entre pré-eclâmpsia grave em gestação anterior e presença de marcadores para trombofilias hereditárias/anticorpos antifosfolípides (p<0,05). Identificou-se risco relativo para desenvolvimento de pré-eclâmpsia grave de 1,57 (1,34

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and the association of serum markers for inherited and acquired thrombophilias in pregnant women with a history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies. METHODS: Case-control study consisting of 81 pregnant women with a history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies (study group) and 32 women with no history of severe pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies (control group). The presence of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid antibodies was screened in both groups. We used the chi-square test with Yates correction to assess associations and calculate the relative risks. RESULTS: The presence of thrombophilia was detected in 60.0 percent of patients with a previous history of pre-eclampsia and in 6.0 percent of the control patients. A significant association was found between pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy and the presence of markers for hereditary thrombophilia/antiphospholipid antibodies (p<0.05). The relative risk to develop pre-eclampsia was found to be 1.57 (1.34

Toxoplasmose e gestação: resultados perinatais e associação do teste de avidez de IgG com infecção congênita em gestantes com IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii reagente / Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy: perinatal results and association of the IgG avidity test with congenital infection in pregnant women with positive anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM

Objetivos: verificar os desfechos perinatais em gestantes com toxoplasmose aguda e se houve associação entre os resultados dos testes de avidez para anticorpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii e a presença ou ausência de infecção fetal/neonatal. Métodos: um estudo transversal incluiu gestantes com diagnóstico sorológico de toxoplasmose apresentando IgM específica reagente, atendidas no Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de novembro de 2002 a novembro de 2007. Resultados do teste de avidez de IgG demonstrando índices superiores a 30% foram considerados alta avidez, enquanto valores inferiores a 30% foram considerados baixa avidez. Definiram-se como sendo de infecção fetal e/ou neonatal os casos com resultado positivo para a reação em cadeia da polimerase no líquido amniótico ou com IgM específica para toxoplasmose reagente no sangue do recém-nascido. Resultados: considerando-se todas as gestantes referidas para o ambulatório de gestação de alto risco no período estudado, a frequência de gestantes com IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii reagente foi de 10,8% (176/1.634). A taxa de infecção congênita nessas pacientes foi de 4% (7/176). O teste de avidez de IgG foi realizado em 162 gestantes (92%), encontrando-se avidez alta em 144 (88,9%). Houve associação (p=0,003) entre avidez alta e ausência de toxoplasmose fetal/neonatal na amostra estudada, com razão de prevalência de 13,4 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% 2,2-86,6). O Valor preditivo positivo do teste de avidez (probabilidade de infecção congênita com avidez baixa) foi de 22% (IC 95% 6%-47%), enquanto o valor preditivo negativo (probabilidade de ausência da infecção congênita com avidez alta) foi de 98% (IC 95% 94%-99%).

Aims: To verify the perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with acute toxoplasmosis, and to determine if there was association between the results of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG avidity test and the presence or absence of fetal/neonatal infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study included pregnant women with serological diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis (presenting a positive Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM test) attended at the outpatient unit for high-risk pregnancy of the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the period from November 2002 to November 2007. Test results demonstrating IgG avidity index above 30% were considered high avidity, while values below 30% were considered low avidity. Fetal and/or neonatal infection was defined by positive result for the polymerase chain reaction in amniotic fluid, or by a positive Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM test in the newborn?s serum. Results: Considering all pregnant women referred to the outpatient unit for high-risk pregnancy in the period of study, frequency of pregnant women with positive Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM was 10.8% (176/1.634). The rate of congenital infection in these patients was 4% (7/176). The IgG avidity test was performed in 162 patients (92% of the 176 pregnant women with positive IgM), and the avidity was high in 144 (88.9%). There was an association (p=0.003) between high avidity and no fetal/neonatal toxoplasmosis in our sample, with a prevalence ratio of 13.4 (confidence interval [CI] 95% 2.2-86.6). The positive predictive value of the avidity test (probability of congenital infection with a low avidity) was 22% (95% 6%-47%), while the negative predictive value (probability of absence of congenital infection with a high avidity) was 98% (95% CI 94% -99%).